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An Introduction to Buddhism (Takasaki)

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This book is based upon notes prepared by the author for general lectures on Buddhism which he has been giving to students at a number of universities in Tokyo since around 1960. The initial version of the present work first saw the light of day as part of a textbook for university students entitled Bukkyo ippan 仏教一般 (Buddhism in General) which was compiled in concert with professors specializing in Chi­nese and Japanese Buddhism and published by the Depart­ment of Buddhist Studies at Komazawa University in Tokyo. Then, at a later date, the author was approached by the To­kyo Daigaku Shuppankai (University of Tokyo Press) to write an introductory work on Buddhism for the edification of the general reading public. By permission of the Department of Buddhist Studies at Komazawa University, he accordingly extracted those sections of the above textbook which he had himself written ("Outline of Buddhism" and "Indian Bud­dhism"), to which he then made some additions and correc­tions and also appended a brief history of Buddhism covering not only India but also China and Japan. This was then published in 1983 under the title of Bukkyo nyümon 仏教入門 (An Introduction to Buddhism), of which the present work is an English translation. (Takasaki, preface to the English version, iii)

Citation	Takasaki, Jikidō. An Introduction to Buddhism. Translated by Rolf W. Giebel. Tokyo: Tōhō Gakkai, 1987.

Table of Contents About the Book Texts Translated Quotes

Preface to the English Version.................................... iii A Note on Foreign Words ........................................ viii Introduction: What is Buddhism? .............................. 1 Buddha, Dharma, and Sarp.gha: The Three Con-stituents of Buddhism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Taking Refuge in the Three Treasures ..................... 5 The Absolute Nature of the Dharma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Mahayana and Hinayana: The "Greater" and "Lesser" Vehicles................................................ 11 The Buddhist Canon ( tri􀀶pitaka) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 I. The Life of Sakyamuni.......................................... 23 The Buddha Sakyamuni.. .................................. (..... 23 Biographies of the Buddha....................................... 25 Birth and Renunciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Austerities and Enlightenment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 The Beginnings of Sakyamuni's Teaching Min-istry: His First Sermon ....................................... 34 Dissemination of the Teaching and the Growth of the Community·······································􀀒··········· 38 The Great Decease .................................... : . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Erection of Stūpas and the First Council.................. 45 IL The True Nature of the Buddha........................... 49 Designations of the Byddha .......................... , .......... 50 Buddha and Tathagata ................................ _........... 53 The Former_,Lives of the Buddha ........ ." ................... 55 The Buddhas of the Three Ages.............................. 59 The Buddhas of the Ten Directions ......................... 61 Material Body and ·Dharma-Body .............................. 64 The Theory of Three Bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 IIL Dharma: The Buddhist Conception of Truth .......... 70 The Meanings of Dharma ... _:·:··:·····,··;····················· 70

The Basis of the Teaching: Dependent Co-arising and the Four Noble Truths ................................. 76 Sakyamuni􀀦s: Philosophical Position:. The· Ten or Fourteen Unanswerables .. .' .................................... 85 "Dharma-seals"·:· The Watchwords of Buddhism ...... 89 Sarrz,skara and Dharma: The Dependently Co-arisen... 96 Dharmata: The Principle of Dependent· Co-arising ... 100 The Conception· of Truth in Mahayana Buddhism ...... 104 Supreme Truth and Conventional Truth .. ·······••p••·····l05

IV. Sarva-dharmab,: The Constituent Elements of Existence . 􀀊 .· 107 The Classification of the Constituent Elements of Existence in the- Early Canon: The Five Ag­gregates, Twelve Sense-Fields, and Eighteen Realms 107

The Sarvastivadin Classification of the Constituent Elements of :Existence: The Five Categories and Seventy-five Elements·····.···· ......................... 􀁆.114

The Sarvastivadin Theory of the Elements: The Elements Exist Eternally .................... -.................. 120

The Mahayanist Conception of the Elements: All is Empty ······:··········••.•······:·································126

V. Transmigration, Karma, and Mental Defilements ...... 128 Transmigrat6ry Existence: The Three Realms and Six Paths .. : .. 􀀓.􀀔 ................... .-.........................•...... 128

Karma ....... ;· ................................. 􀀺··'·,·•·;••·················137 Mental Defilements ................................................ 141 The Twelvefold Chain of _Dependent Co-aril:)ing ... -...... 1,49

VI. The Path to Enlightenment.. ................ · ..... ; ......... 163 Nirva.I}.a .and Enlightenment ..•... :\ ............................. 163 The Mahayanist Concepti9n of Nirva]).a .................... 168 The Path to Enlightenment ....... 􀀆 ... J.:.' ....................... 170 The Noble Eightfold Path ...... . 􀁧:􀁩·.: • ............................ 172 The Three Disciplines: Mo;ality, Meditation, and Wisdom ... : .. : ......... : .. :.:: .. : ..... :.':.' ... ::.􀀒 ................... 174 Faith and Practice ....... : . ........... : . . .'.'.' ..... :.􀁻 ................... 188 Practices for· the Welfare of Others ... .. :.· .................... 191 The· Practices of the Bodhisattva: . The Six Perfections ............................... : . .-: ...................... 193

VII. Mind: The Agency of Practice .. , .... :······ .. ···········198 No-self and Subjective Agency ................................. 198 Mind (citta, manas, and vijfiana) ........ : ...... 􀀟;: .......... 200 Mind-only and Cognition-only ................................. -205 The 'Innately Pure Mind arid the · . .Embryo of the Tathagata ............................... : .. : .. ; .................... 215 Enlightenment a:nd-Salvation.:.: ....•..... 􀀁·J ••• 􀀄 •••••••••••••••••• 223 VIII. The Ideal Practitioner ..............•..... , .................. 227 The Concept "Man" ............ '.,. 􀂩 ............................... 227 Ordinary Man and Holy Mari' ................................. 228 The Stages ,of the Bodhisattv:a ...•.. ; ............ :: ................ 233 "One V ehide" and "Three V 􀂸hicles" .: ..................... 240 IX. The Precepts and the Organization of th􀂿, Community .246 The Meaning of Sa'T[l,gha ............... ;.; ..................... 246 The Organization of the Community ........................ 250 Community Regulations .......................................... 255 X The History of Buddhism .................................... 263 1. Buddhism in India and the Surrounding Lands ...... 264 The Basic Schism ..................................... : .... 264 The Mauryan Dynasty and Dissemination to Sri Lanka ................................................... 266 The Kushan Dynasty and the Northern Tradition of Buddhism .......................... .,-: ..... 267 The Characteristics of Schismatic Buddhism ...... 268 The Birth of Mahayana Buddhism .................. 269 The Madhyamika and Y ogacara Schools ......... 270 The Age of Esoteric Buddhism ........................ 272 Tibetan Buddhism .......................................... 275 The Southern Tradition of Buddhism ............... 277 The Revival of Buddhism in India .................. 278 2. Chinese Buddhism ............................................. 279 The Introduction of Buddhism ........................ 279 Buddhism Takes Root: The Period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties .................. 280 The Establishment of Chinese Buddhism: The Sui and T'ang Dynasties ...................... 283 Subsequent Developments ................................ 290 3. Korean Buddhism .................... : ...................... .' .. 290

4.Japanese Buddhism .......................................... 293 The Introduction of Buddhism and Prince Shotoku ..................................................... 293 The Sects of the Nara Period ......................... 294 The Tendai and Shingon Sects ........................ 297 The Rise of the Pure Land Teachings ............. 300 The Introduction of the Zen Sects .................. 301 The Nichiren and Ji Sects .............................. 303 Buddhism since the Muromachi Period ............ 305 Sources .................................................................. 309 Select Bibliography ................................................... 315 General Index .............................................•... -........ 325 Character Index· ....................................................... 352

The Author; the Translator ....................................... 375