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Saṃsāra, Nirvāṇa, and Buddha Nature +

* Preface by Bhikṣuṇī Thubten Chodron xiii * Abbreviations xxi * Introduction by His Holiness the Dalai Lama i ** 1. The Self, the Four Truths, and Their Sixteen Attributes 5 *** Three Questions about the Self 5 *** The Four Truths 10 *** The Coarse and Subtle Four Truths 18 *** The Sixteen Attributes of the Four Truths of Āryas 19 ** 2. Revolving in Cyclic Existence: The Truth of Duḥkha 39 *** Knowing Duḥkha for What It Is 39 *** Realms of Existence 41 *** Three Types of Duḥkha 47 *** Feelings, Afflictions, and Duḥkha 50 *** Six Disadvantages of Cyclic Existence 51 *** Eight Unsatisfactory Conditions 53 *** Examining True Duḥkha via Ten Points 54 *** Our Human Value 57 ** 3. True Origins of Duḥkha 63 *** The Six Root Afflictions 64 *** More Types ofDefilements 87 *** Afflictions 88 *** Underlying Tendencies 88 *** Auxiliary Afflictions 92 *** Fetters 97 *** Pollutants 98 *** Hindrances 99 ** 4. Afflictions, Their Arising, and Their Antidotes 101 *** Eighty-Four Thousand Afflictions 101 *** The Order in Which Afflictions Arise 104 *** Factors Causing Afflictions to Arise 106 *** Feelings That Accompany Afflictions 109 *** The Ethical Dimension of Afflictions 110 *** Counterforces to the Afflictions 112 *** Afflictions, Our Real Enemy 119 ** 5. Afflictions and Karma, Their Seeds and Latencies 123 *** Acquired and Innate Afflictions 124 *** Coarse and Subtle Afflictions 126 *** Seeds, Latencies, and Having-Ceased 126 *** Latencies and Ideas in Other Religions and in Psychology 135 *** Virtue, Nonvirtue, Merit, and Roots of Virtue 137 ** 6. Karma, the Universe, and Evolution 141 *** The Origin of the Universe 141 *** Mind and the External World 144 *** The Laws of Nature and the Law of Karma and Its Effects 148 *** Karma and Our Present Environment 150 *** Karma, Instinctual Behavior, and Our Bodies 152 ** 7. Revolving in Cyclic Existence: The Twelve Links of Dependent Origination 155 *** Dependent Arising 156 *** How Cyclic Existence Occurs 158 *** 1. Ignorance (''avidyā'') 159 *** 2. Formative Action (''saṃskāra karman'') 165 *** 3. Consciousness (''vijñāna'') 168 *** 4. Name and Form (''nāma-rūpa'') 170 *** 3. Six Sources (''ṣaḍāyatana'') 172 *** 6. Contact (''sparśa'') 176 *** 7. Feeling (''vedanā'') 176 *** 8. Craving (''tṛṣṇā'') 179 *** 9. Clinging (''upādanā'') 182 *** 10. Renewed Existence (''bhava'') 183 *** 11. Birth (''jāti'') 188 *** 12. Aging or Death (''jarāmaraṇa'') 190 ** 8. Dependent Origination: Cycling in Saṃsāra 193 *** How the Twelve Links Produce a Life 193 *** An Example 197 *** Flexibility 200 *** Pali Tradition: How We Cycle 200 *** An Example from a Pāli Sūtra 202 *** Who Revolves in Cyclic Existence? 204 *** The Ultimate Nature of the Twelve Links 211 ** 9. The Determination to Be Free 217 *** The Benefits of Meditating on the Twelve Links 217 *** Invigorating a Dry Dharma Practice 219 *** Can a Leper Find Happiness? 222 *** Compassion for Ourselves and Others 223 *** The Demarcation of Generating the Determination to Be Free 227 ** 10. Seeking Genuine Peace 231 *** The "Ye Dharmā" Dhāraṇī 232 *** Forward and Reverse Orders of the Afflictive and Purified Sides of the Twelve Links 234 *** Transcendental Dependent Origination (Pāli Tradition) 238 *** Karma in Samsara and Beyond 249 ** 11. Freedom from Cyclic Existence 233 *** Stages Leading to Liberation and Full Awakening 254 *** The Two Obscurations 259 *** Nirvāṇa 262 *** Pāli Tradition: Nirvāṇa 266 *** Bodhi 274 ** 12. The Mind and Its Potential 277 *** The Mind's Potential 277 *** Is Liberation Possible? 279 *** Excellent Qualities Can Be Cultivated Limitlessly 281 *** Afflictive Mental States and the Nature of the Mind 283 *** The Equality of Saṃsāra and Nirvāṇa 284 *** Levels of Mind 286 ** 13. Buddha Nature 291 *** The Mind's Potential according to the Pāli Tradition 291 *** Ārya Disposition according to the Vaibhāṣikas and Sautrāntikas 292 *** Buddha Nature according to the Cittamātra School 293 *** Buddha Nature according to the Madhyamaka School 296 *** Buddha Nature according to Tantra 301 *** Nine Similes for Tathāgatagarbha 302 *** Three Aspects of the Tathāgatagarbha 310 *** Three Aspects of Buddha Disposition 314 *** A Puzzle 315 ** 14. Going Deeper into Buddha Nature 319 *** The Three Turnings of the Dharma Wheel and Buddha Nature 319 *** A Link between Sūtra and Tantra 322 *** Nothing Is to Be Removed 325 *** The Capacity Giving Rise to the Three Kāyas 327 *** A Buddha's Nature Dharmakāya 328 *** Pristine Wisdom Abiding in the Afflictions 330 *** Causal Clear Light Mind 332 *** What Continues to Awakening? 332 *** Dzogchen and Mahāmudrā 334 *** Are We Already Buddhas? 337 *** Awareness of Our Buddha Nature Eliminates Hindrances 341 * Notes 343 * Glossary 353 * Further Reading 367 * Index 371 * About the Authors 409

Self and Non-Self in Early Buddhism +

* PrefaceV * List or Sources and AbbreviationsXI * Introduction1 * Part One: The Existential Self ** 1. Preliminary Remarks7 *** How to translate the term ''attā''7 *** Has the term ''attā'' a mere conventional sense in the Nikāyas?10 *** The Nikayan approach to the term ''attā''17 ** 2. Attā as Man's Highest Value20 *** The self as refuge20 *** The self is best26 *** In love with the self34 *** Look for the self37 *** ''Paccattaṁ''40 *** ''Ajjhattaṁ''43 ** 3. The Self as the Moral Agent49 *** Moral energy of the self50 *** Salvation in general and the self56 *** The chariot and the charioteer57 *** Knowledge of the self63 *** Manifestation of the self67 ** 4. The Self and Moral Evil77 *** The metaphysical self, as such, is above moral good and evil77 *** The moral self as the cause of moral evil80 *** The moral self under the influence of moral shortcomings82 *** The moral self 'wounded and killed' by evil83 *** ''Asmimāna'' as the root of all moral evil85 ** 5. Towards Perfection90 *** The self as related to moral good90 *** Self-exertion94 *** Self-control98 *** Purification of the self104 ** 6. The Self and Perfection108 *** Perfection of the self108 *** Self-stability109 *** 'He dwells with a self brahma-become'113 *** Full blossoming of the self118 *** The self and ''nibbāna''122 *** Nibbutatto129 ** 7. The Self as Related to Kamma and Rebirth131 *** The self and ''kamma''131 *** The self and rebirth143 ** 8. A Brief General Assessment of the First Part148 * Part Two: The Metaphysical Self ** 9. The Doctrine of ''Anattā'' can co-exist with the Reality of ''Attā''153 ** 10. The Doctrine of Non-self Taught Through the Denial of Positive Terms158 *** This is not my self158 *** He does not regard the ''khandas'', etc., either as the self or the self as qualified by them173 *** Void of the self or belongs to the self183 *** What is not your own186 *** Permanence, happiness, self ''vs''. impermanence, pain, non-self189 *** As alien, not as the self190 ** 11. The Doctrine of the Non-Self Taught Through the Predication of the Negative Term ''Anattā''.195 *** Connection with the preceding chapter196 *** Scope of the' ''annattā'' statements'198 *** Intimate relationship between ''anattā' and ''dukkha'''204 *** The awareness of non-self205 *** ''Anattā'' proclaimed by means of universal statements208 *** Reasons given to assert that something is ''annattā''222 ** 12. Asmimāna, Sakkāyadiṭṭhi, ''Sassatavāda'' and Ucchedavāda227 ** 13. Self and Non-Self After Liberation268 *** Buddha was not a nihilist269 *** Transcendence of the self276 *** Moral transcendence of the self278 *** Metaphysical transcendence of the self280 *** The ''abyākatā pañhā'' and the ''sakkāyaddiṭṭi'' unanswered294 *** Reasons for keeping the ''abyākatā pañhā'' unanswered294 ** 14. Recapitulation301 * Notes306 * Selected Bibliography384 * Glossary of Terms388 * Table of Scriptural Passages Commented or Quoted393 * Index of Names and Subjects401

Selfless Persons +

*** ''Preface''''page'' ix *** Introduction1 * '''Part 1 The cultural and social setting of Buddhist thought'''27 ** '''1''' The origins of rebirth29 ** 1.1 Buddhism and early Indian religion29 ** 1.2 Time: ''saṃsāra''41 ** 1.3 Action and the person: ''karma''53 ** 1.4 Timelessness: ''mokṣa'' (''nirvāṇa'')58 ** '''2''' Varieties of Buddhist discourse65 ** 2.1 Buddhist thought in context65 ** 2.2 Different ways of talking about 'self and 'person'71 ** 2.3 Elements of personality and (not-)self78 * '''Part II The doctrine of not-self'''85 ** '''3''' The denial of self as 'right view'87 ** 3.1 Different kinds of 'right view'87 ** 3.2 Arguments in support of ''anattā''95 ** 3.3 The denial of self as a strategy in 'mental culture'111 ** '''4''' Views, attachment, and 'emptiness'116 ** 4.1 Views and attachment117 ** 4.2 The Unanswered Questions131 ** 4.3 Quietism and careful attention138 * '''Part III Personality and rebirth'''145 ** '''5''' The individual of 'conventional truth'147 ** 5.1 'Conventional' and 'ultimate truth'147 ** 5.2 ''Attabhāva'' 'individuality', ''puggala'' 'person'156 ** 5.3 House imagery165 ** '''6''' 'Neither the same nor different'177 ** 6.1 'A person is not found'178 ** 6.2 Images of identity and difference185 ** 6.3 Self and other: compassion188 * '''Part IV Continuity'''197 ** '''7''' Conditioning and consciousness199 ** 7.1 The construction(s) of temporal existence200 ** 7.2 The stations of evolving consciousness213 ** 7.3 Vegetation imagery218 ** '''8''' Momentariness and the ''bhavaṅga''-mind225 ** 8.1 impermanent are conditioned things'226 ** 8.2 The 'ultimate' extent of a lifetime: momentariness 234 ** 8.3 The ''bhavaṅga''-mind238 ** 8.4 River imagery247 *** Conclusion262 *** ''Notes''267 *** ''Bibliography''310 *** ''Glossary and index of Pali and Sanskrit terms''318 *** ''General index''321

Shōbōgenzō: Zen Essays by Dōgen +

* Forewordvii * Introduction1 * Great Transcendent Wisdom23 * The Issue at Hand29 * The Nature of Things36 * The Whole Works43 * Such47 * One Bright Jewel57 * Flowers in the Sky64 * The Ocean Seal Concentration76 * The Scripture of Mountains and Waters87 * Being Time102 * The Eight Awarenesses of Great People111 * The Four Integrative Methods of Bodhisattvas116 * Birth and Death121 +

Silent Illumination +

* Prefaceviii * ''Part One: Silent Illumination'' ** 1. A Parable for Silent Illumination3 ** 2. Starting from Where We Are13 ** 3. The Underlying Feeling Tones19 ** 4. Supporting Attitudes to Cultivate31 ** 5. Meditation39 ** 6. Approaches to Silent Illumination47 ** 7. Caveats and Pitfalls65 * ''Part Two: Commentaries'' ** 8. The Vacant Field85 ** 9. The Investigation97 ** 10. Multitasking109 * ''Part Three: Translations'' ** 11. Hongzhi’s Collected Writings on Silent Illumination123 ** Notes137 ** Index145 +

Songs of Naropa +

<center>Foreword by Thrangu Rinpoche</center> <center>7</center> <center>The View, Concisely Put</center> <center>9</center> <center>Commentary</center> <center>17</center> <center>A Summary of Mahamudra</center> <center>95</center> <center>Commentary</center> <center>101</center> <center>Acknowledgements</center> <center>199 </center> +

Stages of the Buddha’s Teachings +

* General Editor’s Prefacexiii * Translators’ Introductioni * Acknowledgments29 * Technical Note31 * Abbreviations35 * PART I: THE BLUE COMPENDIUM * Dölpa Sherap Gyatso (1059–1131) * ''Translated by Ulrike Roesler'' ** 1. Preliminaries39 ** 2. The Training for Individuals at the Initial Level51 ** 3. The Training for Individuals at the Middle Level63 ** 4. The Training for Excellent Individuals67 ** 5. The Practice of the Perfections73 ** 6. Wisdom85 ** 7. Enhancing the Conditions for Practice97 * PART II: ORNAMENT OF PRECIOUS LIBERATION * Gampopa (1079–1153) * ''Translated by Ken Holmes and edited by Thupten Jinpa'' * Author’s Preface121 * ''I. The Prime Cause'' ** 1. Buddha Nature123 * ''II. The Basis'' ** 2. A Precious Human Existence131 * ''III. The Condition'' ** 3. Relying on the Spiritual Teacher141 * ''IV. The Means: The Dharma Master’s Instruction'' ** 4. The Impermanence of Conditioned Existence149 ** 5. The Suffering of Samsara161 ** 6. Karma and Its Effects177 ** 7. Loving Kindness and Compassion189 ** 8. Taking Refuge199 ** 9. The Proper Adoption of Bodhicitta211 ** 10. Precepts for Generating Aspiring Bodhicitta243 ** 11. Presentation of the Six Perfections249 ** 12. The Perfection of Generosity253 ** 13. The Perfection of Moral Discipline265 ** 14. The Perfection of Patience277 ** 15. The Perfection of Diligence 285 ** 16. The Perfection of Meditative Concentration293 ** 17. The Perfection of Wisdom309 ** 18. The Presentation of the (Five) Paths339 ** 19. The Presentation of the Levels 343 * ''V. The Result'' ** 20. The Bodies of Perfect Buddhahood 363 * ''VI. Buddha Activity'' ** 21. Enlightened Activities of the Buddhas 377 * PART III: CLARIFYING THE SAGE'S INTENT * Sakya Paṇḍita Kunga Gyaltsen (1182–1251) * ''Translated by David P. Jackson'' ** 1. Spiritual Potential385 ** 2. Taking Refuge389 ** 3. Generating the Resolve to Attain Awakening401 ** 4. The Perfection of Generosity415 ** 5. The Perfection of Moral Discipline427 ** 6. The Perfection of Patience437 ** 7. The Perfection of Diligence447 ** 8. The Perfection of Meditative Concentration457 ** 9. The Perfection of Wisdom485 ** 10. The Four Means of Attraction529 ** 11. The Paths and Levels537 ** 12. The Ultimate Fruit 571 * The Conclusion of the Treatise601 * Appendix 1. Table of Tibetan Transliteration603 * Appendix 2. Outline of Clarifying the Sage’s Intent613 * Notes631 * Glossary717 * Bibliography729 * Index752 * About the Contributors793

Steps on the Path to Enlightenment, Vol. 4 +

* Foreword by His Holiness the Dalai Lamavii * Editor's Acknowledgmentsxi * Technical Notesxiii * Introduction1 * 1 Śamatha and Vipaśyanā9 * 2 Preparing for Śamatha Meditation39 * 3 Focusing Your Mind83 * 4 Dealing with Laxity and Excitement95 * 5 Attaining Śamatha123 * 6 Śamatha as Part of the Path151 * Appendix: Outline of the Text171 * Glossary175 * Notes183 * Bibliography187 * Index193 +

Sthiramati's Interpretation of Buddhology and Soteriology +

*'''PART I. STHIRAMATI'S INTERPRETATION OF YOGĀCĀRA ONTOLOGY AND SOTERIOLOGY''' * INTRODUCTION1 *CHAPTER I: STHIRAMATI'S AND HIS WORKS * 1. Sthiramati’s Life and Times13 * 2. Sthiramati’s Works23 ** The Kāśyapaparivartaṭīkā25 ** The Dasheng zhongguan shilun33 ** The Abhidharmasamuccayavyākhyā39 ** The Pañcaskandhaprakaraṇavibhāṣa43 ** The Abhidharmakośabhāṣyaṭīkā Tattvārthanāma45 ** The Triṃśikāvijñaptibhāṣya47 ** The Madhyāntavibhāgaṭīkā53 ** The Sūtrālaṃkāravṛttibhāṣya56 *CHAPTER II: STHIRAMATI'S AND THE YOGĀCĀRA ONTOLOGY * Introduction84 * 1. Fundamental Categories in Yogācāra Ontology92 * 2. An Analysis of the Three Identities104 * 3. The Relationship among the Three Identities120 * 4. The Three Identities and Representation-Only128 * 5. The Three Kinds of Identitylessness147 * 6. Basis-Transformation159 * Conclusion169 *CHAPTER III: STHIRAMATI'S INTEPRETATION OF BUDDHOLOGY AND SOTERIOLOGY * 1. Concept, Source Material, and Method Recapitulated204 * 2. Buddhahood and the Structure of Reality207 * 3. The Implicit Hermeneutics of the Structure of Yogācāra Buddhology218 * 4. An Analysis of the Categories of Buddhahood233 * 5. The Four Liberative Wisdoms241 * 6. The Three Buddha-Bodies252 * 7. Buddha is neither Singular nor Plural267 * 8. The Nature of Buddha's Salvific Activities272 * 9. Conclusion278 *CONCLUSION: YOGĀCĀRA BUDDHOLOGY IN A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE * 1. Yogācāra Philosophy in its own Terms317 * 2. Conceptual Structure of Yogācāra Buddhology320 * 3. A Comparison of Christian Ideas of God and Yogācāra Ideas of Buddha324 * 4. The Study of Yogācāra Buddhology and Methodological Implications for Buddhist Studies and Comparative Religion327 *'''PART II: AN ANNOTATED TRANSLATION OF CHAPTER IX (ON ENLIGHTENMENT) OF THE SUTRĀLAṂKĀRAVṚTTIBHĀṢYA''' * INTRODUCTION TO THE TRANSLATION338 * Introduction340 * 1. On Omniscience342 * 2. On the Nonduality of Buddhahood347 * 3. On Buddhahood as the Supreme Refuge353 * 4. On Basis-transformation364 * 5. On the Activities of Buddha as Effortless and Uninterrupted375 * 6. On the Profundity of the Pure Realm379 * 7. On the Divisions of Mastery396 * 8. On Buddhahood as the Cause of Bringing Sentient Beings to Maturity411 * 9. On the Realm of Ultimate Reality424 * 10. On the Divisions of Buddha-Body432 * 11. On the Divisions of Buddha-Wisdom440 * 12. That Buddha is neither Singular nor Plural453 * 13. On the Skillful Means to Buddhahood456 * 14. On the Unity of the Mutual Activity of the Buddhas459 * 15. On the Exertion for Buddhahood463 * 16. Summary465 * APPENDIX522 * BIBLIOGRAPHY523

Studies in Ch’an and Hua-yen +

* Forewardvii * Prefaceix * Early Ch'an Schools in Tibet1 Jeffrey Broughton * The Direct and Gradual Approaches of Zen Master Mahāyāna: Fragments of the Teachings of Mo-ho-yen69 Luis O. Gomez * The Ox-head School of Chinese Ch'an Buddhism: From Early Ch'an to the Golden Age169 John R. McRae * The Teaching of Men and Gods: The Doctrinal and Social Basis of Lay Buddhist Practice in the Hua-yen Tradition253 Peter N. Gregory * Li T'ung-hsüan and the Practical Dimension of Hua-yen321 Robert M. Gimello * Contributors391 +

Studies in Indian and Tibetan Madhyamaka Thought Part 1 +

* '''PART 1''' * LIST OF MAIN SANSKRIT AND TIBETAN SOURCES WITH SIGLA OF ABBREVIATED TITLES xi * SECTION I * AN OUTLINE OF THE EARLIER HISTORY OF THE TIBETAN MADHYAMAKA (DBU MA) FROM ITS ORIGINS IN THE EIGHTH CENTURY TO THE BEGINNING OF ITS 'CLASSICAL PERIOD' IN THE EARLY FIFTEENTH CENTURY 1 ** 1. PERIODIZATION IN THE HISTORY OF MADHYAMAKA THOUGHT IN TIBET 1 ** 2. THE TRANSMISSION TO TIBET OF THE MAIN INDIAN SOURCES OF THE MADHYAMAKA 9 ** 3. EARLY TIBETAN DOXOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS OF THE MADHYAMAKA 23 ** 4. THE INDIGENOUS TIBETAN SOURCES OF THE MADHYAMAKA BEGINNING IN THE ELEVENTH CENTURY 26 *** 4.1. THE ANTECEDENTS OF THE TIBETAN RAN RGYUD PA ('SVĀTANTRIKA') TRADITION IN THE EARLIER ''phyi dar'' PERIOD 27 *** 4.2. THE ANTECEDENTS OF THE TIBETAN THAL 'GYUR BA ('PRĀSANGIKA') TRADITION IN THE EARLIER ''phyi'' dar PERIOD 41 *** 4.3. DOXOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS OF THE MADHYAMAKA IN THE EARLIER ''phyi dar'' PERIOD AND THEIR TIBETAN REPRESENTATIVES 55 ** 5. THE ''Ratnagotravibhāga-Mahāyānottaratantraśāstra'', THE ''gŽan stoṅ'' AND THE 'THEORY OF THE HVA ŠAṄ' IN RELATION TO MADHYAMAKA SCHOOL TRADITIONS 72 ** 6. TSOṄ KHA PA'S ARRIVAL AT HIS MADHYAMAKA THEORY 88 * SECTION II * THESES, PHILOSOPHICAL POSITIONS AND CONTENTION IN MADHYAMAKA THOUGHT 105 ** 1. THE PROBLEM 105 ** 2. THE THESIS AND ASSERTION WITH NĀGĀRJUNA, ĀRYA-DEVA AND CANDRAKĪRTI 115 ** 3. ''Dṛṣṭi'' AND ''darśana'' AND THE EXPRESSION ''avācaka'' 133 ** 4. THE PROCEDURE OF APAGOGIC AND MAIEUTICAL ''prasaṅgāpādana'' AND THE QUESTION OF ''vitaṇḍā'' 136 ** 5. ASSERTION, DISCURSIVITY, FREEDOM FROM EXTREME POSITIONS AND THE 'TETRALEMMA' (''catuṣkoṭi'') 139 ** 6. NON-CONTENTIOUSNESS, PHILOSOPHICAL EIRENICISM AND THEIR ETHICAL AND SOTERIOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS 148 ** 7. THE ''avyākṛtavastus'' AND THE ĀRYAN SILENCE 152 ** 8. ''Pakṣa, abhyupagama'' AND ''prasaṅga'' IN THE MADHYAMAKA ACCORDING TO JAYĀNANDA 156 ** 9. THE THESIS ACCORDING TO PA TSHAB ÑI MA GRAGS 159 ** 10. THE THESIS ACCORDING TO KHu MDO SDE 'BAR 161 ** 11. THE THESIS ACCORDING TO RMA BY A BYAṄ CHUB YE ŠES AND RMA BYA BYAṄ CHUB BRTSON 'GRUS 163 ** 12. THE THESIS ACCORDING TO SA SKY A PAṆḌI TA 169 ** 13. THE THESIS ACCORDING TO DBUS PA BLO GSAL 172 ** 14. THESIS, ASSERTION AND PHILOSOPHICAL POSITION ACCORDING TO MKHAS GRUB RJE 173 ** 15. THE QUESTION OF THE THESIS IN TSOṄ KHA PA's ''Lam rim chen mo'' AND IN 'JAM DBYAṄS BŽAD PA'S COMMENTS 187 ** 16. THE APPLICATION OF POSITIVE DETERMINATION (''pariccheda'') AND NEGATIVE DETERMINATION (''vyavaccheda'') IN TSOṄ KHA PA'S ''Draṅ ṅes legs Mad sñiṅ po'' 195 ** 17. NOTES ON SOME LATER TIBETAN SCHOLARS' VIEWS ON THE THESIS, ASSERTION AND DISCURSIVITY 199 ** 18. SOME THEORETICAL ISSUES IN PHILOSOPHICAL AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 207 ** 19. SOME LOGICAL, EPISTEMOLOGICAL AND SEMIOTIC ISSUES IN A MODERN PERSPECTIVE 219 ** 20. CONCLUSION 228 * SECTION III * ON EPISTEMOLOGICAL-LOGICAL (''pramāṇa'') THEORY AND THE ONTIC IN TSOṄ KHA PA'S MADHY AMAKA PHILOSOPHY 233 ** 1. INTRODUCTION 233 ** 2. SOME FUNDAMENTAL LOGICAL AND EPISTEMOLOGICAL ISSUES IN MADHYAMAKA: ''prayoga(vākya)'' VS. ''prasaṅga'' AND THE PROBLEM OF ''pramāṇa'' IN RELATION TO ''prameya'' 240 ** 3. THE STATUS OF THE THESIS (''pratijñā'') IN THE MADHYAMAKA244 ** 4. INFERENCE (''rjes su dpag pa'' equals ''anumāna'') IN TSOṄ KHA PA'S MADHYAMAKA THOUGHT247 ** 5. ''Svatantra-anumāna'' AS PROBATIVE INFERENCE, ''prasaṅgāpādana'' AS APAGOGIC REASONING, AND THE PROBLEM OF MUTUAL AGREEMENT (''ubhaya[pra]siddhatva'') 250 ** 6. ''Prasaṅgavākya, prakṛtārthaviparyaya, prasaṅgaviparītārthāpatti'' AND THE USE OF ''prasajya-pratiṣedha'' IN THE ''prasaṅga''-STATEMENT OF NON-ORIGINATION IN THE MADHYAMAKA 252 ** 7. TSOṄ KHA PA ON ''bzlog don'' AND ''thal bzlog'': ''prasaṅga''-REVERSAL (''prasaṅgaviparīta'') AND ''prasaṅga''-CONTRAPOSITION (''prasaṅgaviparyaya'') 257 ** 8. ''Prasaṅgāpādana (thal ba (b]sgmb pa ~ thal ba 'phen pa)'' AS A SPECIAL FORM OF INFERENCE ACCORDING TO TSOṄ KHA PA 266 ** 9. ON REFUTATION (''dūṣaṇa'') AND PROOF (''sādhana'') WITH CANDRAKĪRTI AND TSOṄ KHA PA 269 ** 10. ''Pramāṇa''-THEORY, ERROR AND ASCERTAINMENT IN TSOṄ KHA PA's MADHYAMAKA THOUGHT 272 ** 11. THE LOGICAL-EPISTEMOLOGICAL AND ONTIC STATUS OF THE PRĀSAṄGIKA's ''paraprasiddha''-ARGUMENT ACCORDING TO TSOṄ KHA PA 282 ** 12. THE ''paraprasiddha-anumāna'' AND THE ''prasaṅgāpādana'' AS ''pramāṇa'' AND AS MAIEUTICS 286 ** 13. THE PROCEDURES OF vyavaccheda AND pariccheda IN MADHYAMAKA THOUGHT 287 ** 14. THE USE OF THE ''bādhakapramāṇa'' AND CONTRAPOSITION IN ATTAINING THE MADHYAMAKA THEORY OF NON- SUBSTANTIALITY (''niḥsvabhāvatā'') 288 ** 15. CONCLUSION 296 * INDICES * INDEX OF MAIN INDIAN AND TIBETAN PERSONAL NAMES 305 * INDEX OF SELECTED PLACE NAMES 310 * INDEX OF SELECTED INDIAN TEXTS 310 * INDEX OF SELECTED TIBETAN TEXTS 311 * INDEX OF MAIN SANSKRIT KEY-TERMS 312 * INDEX OF MAIN TIBETAN KEY-TERMS 318

Studies in the Lankavatara Sutra (1930) +

* BODHIDHARMA by 牧谿 (Mu-ch'i)Frontispiece * Prefacev * Abstracts of Studiesxi <center>I</center> * AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE LANKAVATARA SUTRA3 <center>II</center> * THE LANKAVATARA SUTRA AND THE TEACHING OF ZEN BUDDHISM89 ** I. General Survey of the Principal Ideas Expounded in the Sutra90 ** II. (A) The Intellectual Contents of the Buddhist Experience153 ** (B) The Psychology of the Buddhist Experience169 ** III. Life and Works of the Bodhisattva202 <center>III</center> * SOME OF THE IMPORTANT THEORIES EXPOUNDED IN THE LANKAVATARA SUTRA239 ** (I} The Doctrine of Mind-Only241 ** (II} The Conception of No-Birth283 ** (III) The Triple Body of the Buddha308 ** (IV) The Tathagata339 ** (V) Other Minor Subjects357 * A SANSKRIT-CHINESE-ENGLISH GLOSSARY373 * INDEX459 +

Study of the Tathāgatagarbha as True Self and the True Selves of the Brahmanic, Sāṅkhya and Jaina Traditions +

* Contents i-vi * Abbreviations vii-ix * Introduction 1 ** Methodology 9 ** Sources 20 ** Formulation of the Tathāgatagarbha Doctrine and composition of the Ratnagotravibhāga and its Commentary 28 ** Significance of this study 35 * Part 1 ** Chapter 1. Salient Features of the Tathāgatagarbha Doctrine41 ** 1.1. Meaning of the compound ʻtathāgatagarbhaʼ 41 ** 1.2. Nature of the tathāgatagarbha 46 ** 1.3. tathāgatagarbha as ontic element 51 ** 1.4. ʻtathatāʼ a synonym of ʻtathāgatagarbhaʼ 65 ** 1.5. tathāgatagarbha as consciousness 68 ** 1.6. gotra as Three Jewels 72 ** 1.7. Impediments to the perception of the Tathāgataʼs Essence 74 ** 1.8. dharmakāya of the Tathāgata 87 ** 1.9. Recapitulation 99 ** 1.10. Conclusion 103 * Chapter 2. Self and Not-Self in the Śrāvakayāna 107 ** 2.1. (i) Not-self in the Pāli-suttas 108 *** 2.1. (ii) Rejection of all theories of self 111 *** 2.1. (iii) Buddhaʼs silence on ontological questions 115 *** 2.1. (iv) parinibbāna of the 22 *** 2.1. (v) Recapitulation 125 ** 2.2. (i) Inderminate self of the Pudgalavāda 127 *** 2.2. (ii) Three designations of the pudgala 130 *** 2.2. (iii) Nature of the conditional pudgala 134 *** 2.2. (iv) Real or conceptual pudgala 140 *** 2.2. (v) pudgala and parinirvāṇa 145 *** 2.2. (vi) Recapitulation 149 ** 2.3. Comparison of the pudgala and the tathāgatagarbha 150 ** 2.4. Conclusion 155 * Chapter 3. Self in the Mahāyāna 160 ** 3.1 a. (i) Emptiness of everything 161 *** 3.1a. (ii) Uncreated nature of empty things 166 *** 3.1a. (iii) Synonyms of emptiness 168 *** 3.1a. (v) Recapitulation 170 ** 3.1b. (i) Madhyamaka interpretation of emptiness 170 ** 3.1b. (ii) Meaning of emptiness 173 ** 3.1b. (iii) Indeterminate nature of empty things 175 ** 3.1b. (iv) Emptiness is not nihilism 179 ** 3.1b. (v) Recapitulation 181 ** 3.2a. (i) tathatā according to the Mahāyāna-sūtras 182 ** 3.2a. (ii) tathatā and the designation ʻTathāgataʼ 188 ** 3.2a. (iii) Recapitulation 189 ** 3.2b. (i) Madhyamaka interpretation of tathatā 190 ** 3.3a. (ii) nirvāṇa according to the Mahāyāna-sūtras 192 ** 3.3a. (iii) Inexpressible nirvāṇa 196 ** 3.3a. (v) dharmakāya of the Tathāgata 198 ** 3.3a. (vi) Recapitulation 201 ** 3.3b. (i) nirvāṇa as Absolute in the Madhyamaka discourse 203 ** 3.3b. (ii) nirvāṇa as knowledge of existence 208 ** 3.3b. (ii) parinirvāṇa of the Tathāgata 210 ** 3.3b. (iii) Recapitulation 212 ** 3.4. Conclusion 214 *Part 2 * Chapter 4. tathāgatagarbha as true self and comparison of its nature with the true selves of the Brahmanic, Sāṅkhya and Jaina Traditions222 ** 4.1a. tathāgatagarbha as inherent, complete Buddhahood223 ** 4.1b. Obscuration and inalterability of the tathāgatagarbha229 ** 4.1c. tathāgatagarbha is tathatā 232 ** 4.1d. tathāgatagarbha as innately luminous consciousness 236 ** 4.1e. Is the tathāgatagarbha the true self? 242 ** 4.1f. Is the Tathāgatagarbha Doctrine a provisional teaching? 267 ** 4.1g. Recapitulation 274 ** 4.2a. Nature of the Brahmanic true self 278 ** 4.2b. Embodiment and obscuration of the true self 286 ** 4.2c. Two co-existing aspects of the self 297 ** 4.2d. Recapitulation 299 ** 4.3a. Nature of the Sāṅkhya true self 301 ** 4.3b. Embodiment of the self 306 ** 4.3c. Ignorance, bondage and transmigration 312 ** 4.3d. Recapitulation 315 ** 4.4a. Jaina ontological conceptions 317 ** 4.4b. Nature of the Jaina true self 324 ** 4.4c. Karmic bondage and obscuration of the intrinsic nature of the self 334 ** 4.4d. Recapitulation 344 ** 4.5. Conclusion 346 * Chapter 5. Cosmic Self in the Tathāgatagarbha, Brahmanic, Early Sāṅkhya and Jaina Traditions 361 ** 5.1a. One Essence of all sentient beings and dharmas 361 ** 5.1b. Scholarly debate on the nature of the dharmadhātu 368 ** 5.1c. Tathāgata as Supreme Self 374 ** 5.1d. Tathāgata as īśvara 378 ** 5.1e. Recapitulation 381 ** 5.2a. Cosmic Self in the Brahmanic Tradition 385 ** 5.2b. Indwelling-controller and His relations with individual beings 392 ** 5.2c. Non-duality and non-conceptuality of Brahman 396 ** 5.2d. Brahman as īśvara 398 ** 5.2e. Recapitulation 400 ** 5.3a. Cosmic Self in the Early Sāṅkhya discourses 401 ** 5.3b. Scholarly debate on Brahman in the Early Sāṅkhya discourses 409 ** 5.3c. Recapitulation 414 ** 5.4. Conclusion 416 * Chapter 6. Concept of Liberation in the Tathāgatagarbha, Brahmanic, Sāṅkhya and Jaina Traditions 421 ** 6.1a. Knowledge as means to liberation in the Tathāgatagarbha Doctrine 422 ** 6.1b. Manifestation of compassion and mode of existence of the Tathāgata 429 ** 6.1c. Transformation of consciousness 436 ** 6.1d. Manifestation of basis and transformation of basis 443 ** 6.1e. Recapitulation 448 ** 6.2a. Knowledge as means to liberation in the Brahmanic Tradition 453 ** 6.2b. Liberation through Divine Grace 460 ** 6.2c. Transformation of consciousnes 464 ** 6.2d. Recapitulation 471 ** 6.3a Knowledge as means to liberation in the Sāṅkhya tradition 474 ** 6.3b. Transformation of consciousness 479 ** 6.3c. Recapitulation 485 ** 6.4a. Knowledge and rigorous austerities as means to liberation in Jainism 487 ** 6.4b. Omniscience of Mahāvīra 498 ** 6.4c. Transformation of consciousness 503 ** 6.4d. Recapitulation 506 ** 6.5. Conclusion 509 * Chapter 7. Conclusion 520 ** Tathāgatagarbha Doctrine and the Śrāvakayāna teachings 524 ** tathāgatagarbha and the pudgala 530 ** Tathāgatagarbha Doctrine and Early Mahāyāna teachings 537 ** Conceptual correspondences and differences in the nature of the tathāgatagarbha and the natures of true self in the Brahmanic, Sāṅkhya and Jaina traditions 567 ** Conceptual correspondences and differences in the nature of the Cosmic Self in the Tathāgatagarbha, Brahmanic, Sāṅkhya and Jaina traditions 575 ** Correspondences and differences in the concept of liberation in the Tathāgatagarbha Brahmanic, Sāṅkhya and Jaina traditions 580 * Bibliography 592

Sudden and Gradual +

* Forewordv * Acknowledgmentsix * Abbreviationsxi * Introduction1 ** ''Peter N. Gregory'' ******'''I . The Sudden and Gradual Debates''' * The Mirror of the Mind13 ** ''Paul Demiéville'' * Sudden Illumination or Simultaneous Comprehension: Remarks on Chinese and Tibetan Terminology41 ** ''R. A. Stein'' * Purifying Gold: The Metaphor of Effort and Intuition in Buddhist Thought and Practice67 ** ''Luis O. Gomez'' ****'''II. Sudden and Gradual Enlightenment in Chinese Buddhism''' * Tao-sheng’s Theory of Sudden Enlightenment Re-examined169 ** ''Whalen Lai'' * Sudden and Gradual Intimately Conjoined: Chih-i’s T’ien-t’ai View201 ** ''Neal Donner'' * Shen-hui and the Teaching o f Sudden Enlightenment in Early Ch’an Buddhism227 ** ''John R. McRae'' * Sudden Enlightenment Followed by Gradual Cultivation: Tsung-mi’s Analysis of Mind279 ** ''Peter N . Gregory'' * The "Short-cut" Approach o f ''K'an-hua'' Meditation: The Evolution of a Practical Subitism in Chinese Ch'an Buddhism321 ** ''Robert E . Buswell, Jr.'' ******'''III. Analogies in the Cultural Sphere * The Sudden and the Gradual in Chinese Poetry Criticism: An Examination of the Ch’an-Poetry Analogy381 ** ''Richard John Lynn'' * Tung Ch’i-ch'ang's "Southern and Northern Schools" in the History and Theory of Painting: A Reconsideration429 ** ''James Cahill'' * Afterword by Tu Wei-ming447 * Contributors457 * Index461 +

Sun-Face Buddha +

* Prefacexiii * ''PART ONE'': INTRODUCTION1 ** Formation of the Ch'an School6 ** The Life and Teaching of Ma-tsu14 ** The Monastic Tradition29 ** Tsung-mi's Evaluation of the Hung-chou School37 ** A Note on the Translations42 * ''PART TWO'': THE RECORD OF MA-TSU57 ** Biography59 ** Sermons62 ** Dialogues69 * ''PART THREE'': MA-TSU'S DISCIPLES95 ** Hsi-t'ang Chih-tsang97 ** Pai-chang Huai-hai100 ** Nan-ch'üan P'u-yüan107 ** Ta-chu Hui-hai113 ** Shih-kung Hui-tsang117 ** Ma-ku Pao-ch'e119 ** Ta-mei Fa-ch'ang121 ** Fen-chou Wu-yeh125 ** Wu-tai Yin-feng134 ** Hung-chou Shui-lao137 ** Layman P'ang-yün138 ** Kuei-tsung Chih-ch'ang140 * Appendix: Sources for the Translations145 * Glossary147 * Bibliography151 +

T

Tao-sheng's Commentary on the Lotus Sūtra +

* ''Preface''''vii'' * ''Prolegomena''''xi'' * '''Part I: Introduction''''''1''' * Chapter 1. Tao-sheng's Prehistory: The State of Buddhist Studies in China3 * Chapter 2. Tao-sheng's Biography13 * Chapter 3. Tao-sheng's Works23 * Chapter 4. Tao-sheng's Doctrines29 * Chapter 5. Tao-sheng's Influence and the Impact of His Doctrines57 * '''Part II: A Critical Study of Tao-sheng's Commentary on the ''Lotus Sūtra'' ''''''75''' * Chapter 6. Tao-sheng and the ''Saddharmapuṇḍarīka''77 * Chapter 7. Literary Aspects81 * Chapter 8. Central Ideas121 * Chapter 9. Traces of Tao-sheng's Doctrines137 * Chapter 10. Conclusions145 * '''Part III: Translation''''''151''' * Preface153 * Roll the First (Chapters 1-4)161 * Roll the Second (Chapters 5-27)241 * ''Abbreviations''''339'' * ''Glossary of Chinese Characters''''341 * ''Bibliography''''351'' * ''Index''''365'' +

Tao-sheng's Commentary on the Saddharmapuṇḍarīka-Sūtra: A Study and Translation +

* ABSTRACTiii * ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSvi * PART I: AIMS AND METHOD1 * NOTES TO PART I16 * PART II: INTRODUCTION20 ** A. Tao-sheng's Pre-history: the State of Buddhist Studies in China20 ** B. Tao-sheng's Biography36 *** 1. Biographical Sources36 *** 2. Tao-sheng's Life38 **** a. Early Years in Chien-k'ang under Chu Fa-t'ai38 **** b. The First Sojourn at Lu-shan with Hui-yüan40 **** c. Study with Kumārajīva in Ch'ang-an43 **** d. Return to Lu-shan45 **** e. The Second Sojourn at Chien-k'ang46 **** f. The Third Sojourn at Lu-shan and Death47 **** g. Evaluation of Tao-sheng's Life48 ** C. Tao-sheng's Works53 ** D. Tao-sheng's Doctrines60 *** 1. Sudden Enlightenment61 *** 2. The Buddha-nature and Related Ideas74 *** 3. Miscellaneous84 **** a. The Good Deed Entails No Retribution85 **** b. There is No Pure Land in [the Realm of] the Buddha89 **** c. The Dharmakāya is Formless94 **** d. On the Two Truths101 ** E. Tao-sheng's Influence and the Impact of his Doctrines106 *** 1. The Doctrine of Sudden Enlightenment107 **** a. The Contemporary and Following Period107 **** b. Tao-sheng's Doctrine and the Ch'an School111 **** c. Tao-sheng's Doctrine and the Hua-yen School121 *** 2. The Doctrine of Buddha-nature125 *** 3. Tao-sheng and Other Schools129 **** a. Tao-sheng and the T'ien-t'ai School129 **** b. Tao-sheng and the San-lun School133 ** NOTES TO PART II137 * PART III: A CRITICAL STUDY OF TAO-SHENG'S COMMENTARY ON THE SADDHARMAPUṆḌARĪKA156 ** A. Tao-sheng and the Saddharmapuṇḍarīka156 ** B. Literary Aspects163 *** 1. Structure163 **** a. General163 **** b. Preface164 **** c. Interpretation of Chapters 1–27165 *** 2. Style and Exegetical Method167 **** a. Style167 **** b. Exegetical Method169 *** 3. Vocabulary: The Language of the Text with Special Reference to Neo-Taoism171 **** a. Introduction171 **** b. Analysis of the Concepts174 ***** (1) Li174 ***** (2) Fen180 ***** (3) The Role of Language183 ***** (4) The "Sage" and Related Terms188 ***** (5) The Emotional Factor207 ***** (6) Lei212 ***** (7) One Ultimate214 ***** (8) Middle Way (Chung-tao)218 ***** (9) Tao222 **** c. Concluding Remarks224 ** C. Central Ideas228 *** 1. Main Themes228 *** 2. An Overview of the Internal Stucture of the Commentary via the Term Li235 **** a. Introduction235 **** b. Syntactical and Contextual Position237 **** c. Predicates, Properties, and Epistemic Implications239 **** d. Li Viewed in Connection with Other Concepts242 **** e. Li and the Process of Enlightenment256 **** f. Concluding Remarks264 ** D. Traces of Tao-sheng's Doctrines268 *** 1. Sudden Enlightenment269 *** 2. Buddha-nature274 *** 3. Miscellaneous275 ** E. Select Chapters for a Comprehensive Textual Analysis283 *** 1. Chapter 3284 *** 2. Chapter 15301 *** 3. Chapter 24308 *** 4. Summary and Conclusion311 ** NOTES TO PART III317 * PART IV: CONCLUSION339 ** NOTES TO PART IV346 * PART V: TRANSLATION348 ** Preface348 ** Roll the First (Chapts. 1–4)352 ** Roll the Second (Chapts. 5–27)453 ** NOTES TO TRANSLATION535 * ABBREVIATIONS580 * BIBLIOGRAPHY581

Text as Father: Paternal Seductions in Early Mahayana Buddhist Literature +

** Acknowledgmentsxi ** Introduction1 * 1. Text as Father25 * 2. Who's Your Daddy Now? Reissued Paternity in the ''Lotus Sūtra''48 * 3. The Domino Effect: Everyone and His Brother Convert to the ''Lotus Sūtra''99 * 4. "Be All You Can’t Be" and Other Gainful Losses in the ''Diamond Sūtra''160 * 5. Sameness with a Difference in the ''Tathāgatagarbha Sūtra''197 * 6. Vimalakīrti, or Why Bad Boys Finish First236 ** Conclusion: A Cavalier Attitude ** Toward Truth-Fathers327 ** Bibliography347 ** Index351 +

The Active Self: A Philosophical Study of the "Buddha Nature Treatise" and Other Chinese Buddhist Texts +

* Acknowledgmentsvii * List of Abbreviationsix *Chapter * 1. Introduction1 * Part One: The Texts14 * 2. The ''Buddha Nature Treatise''24 ** A. Introduction and Refutation of Other Views30 *** 1. Introduction30 *** 2. Refutation of Other Views31 **** a. Refuting Hinayana Views: Buddha Nature Neither Exists Nor Does Not Exist32 **** b. Refuting Non-Buddhist Philosophies: Buddha Nature is Not an Own-Nature42 **** c. Clarification of Mahayana Views: The True Meaning of the Two Truths Doctrine48 *** 3. Evaluation56 ** B. The Essence of Buddha Nature: ''Bodhicitta'', True Nature and ''Tathagatagarbha''59 *** 1. Introduction59 *** 2. Analysis60 **** a. The Three Causes60 **** b. The Three Natures61 **** c. ''Tathagatagarbha''68 *** 3. Evaluation77 ** C. Characteristics of Buddha Nature, I: Action and Non-Substantiality82 *** 1. Introduction82 *** 2. Analysis84 **** a. Transformation of the Basis84 **** b. ''Dharmakaya'' and ''Nirvana''98 **** c. The Non-Substantiality of Self and Mind108 *** 3. Evaluation120 ** D. Characteristics of Buddha Nature, II: Soteriology122 *** 1. Introduction122 *** 2. Analysis122 **** a. The Man-Buddha Relationship122 **** b. The Middle Path127 **** c. The ''Trikāya''144 *** 3. Evaluation161 ** E. Conclusion166 * 3. Two Other Texts172 ** A. The ''No Increase, No Decrease Sūtra''172 *** 1. Introduction172 *** 2. Analytic Summary175 *** 3. Evaluation181 ** B. The ''Supreme Basis Sūtra''189 *** 1. Introduction189 *** 2. Analysis192 *** 3. Concluding Evaluation212 * Part Two: The Philosophy215 * 4. Ontology219 ** A. Introduction219 ** B. Contra Monism222 ** C. Nondualism—Other Aspects250 ** D. Conclusion258 * 5. Action261 ** A. Introduction261 ** B. Action262 *** 1. The ''Supreme Basis Sūtra''262 *** 2. The ''Buddha Nature Treatise''264 ** C. Non-Substantiality270 *** 1. Own-Nature270 *** 2. Mind274 *** 3. Consciousness -Only277 ** D. Conclusion279 * 6. Practice280 ** A. Introduction280 ** B. Analysis281 *** 1. The ''Buddha Nature Treatise''281 *** 2. The ''Supreme Basis Sūtra''289 ** C. Conclusion290 * Part Three: The Influence293 * 7. The Influence of Buddha Nature Thought on Chinese Buddhism294 ** A. Introduction294 ** B. Ch'an299 ** C. Pure Land303 ** D. The Positive Valuation of Phenomenal Reality305 ** E. Conclusion317 * 8. Conclusion: The Significance of Buddha Nature Thought319 * Appendix: Buddha Nature Thought and Mysticism331 * Glossary349 * Bibliography357

The Awakening of Faith (1967) +

** Foreword, by ''Wm. Theodore de Bary''v ** Prefacevii ** Introduction1 * ''The Awakening of Faith''21 ** Invocation23 ** The Contents of the Discourse24 * Part 1 The Reasons for Writing25 * Part 2 Outline28 * Part 3 Interpretation31 ** Chapter One: Revelation of True Meaning31 *** I. One Mind and Its Two Aspects31 **** A. The Mind in Terms of the Absolute32 ***** 1. Truly Empty34 ***** 2. Truly Nonempty35 **** B. The Mind in Terms of Phenomena36 ***** 1. The Storehouse Consciousness36 ****** a. The Aspect of Enlightenment37 ******* (1) Original Enlightenment37 ******* (2) The Process of Actualization of Enlightenment38 ******** (a) Purity of Wisdom41 ******** (b) Suprarational Functions41 ******* (3) The Characteristics of the Essence of Enlightenment42 ****** b. The Aspect of Nonenlightenment43 ****** c. The Relationships Between Enlightenment and Nonenlightenment45 ******* (1) Identity45 ******* (2) Nonidentity46 ***** 2. The Cause and Conditions of Man’s Being in Samsara46 ****** a. Mind47 ****** b. Consciousness49 ****** c. Defiled States of Mind51 ****** d. Comments on the Terms Used in the Foregoing Discussion52 ***** 3. The Characteristics of Beings in Samsara54 ****** a. Permeation of Ignorance56 ****** b. Permeation of Suchness58 ******* (1) Permeation Through Manifestation of the Essence of Suchness59 ******* (2) Permeation Through Influences61 ******** (a) The Specific Coordinating Causes61 ******** (b) The General Coordinating Causes63 *** II. The Essence Itself and the Attributes of Suchness, or The Meanings of Mahā64 **** A. The Greatness of the Essence of Suchness64 **** B. The Greatness of the Attributes of Suchness65 **** C. The Greatness of the Influences of Suchness67 *** III. From Samsara to Nirvana72 ** Chapter Two: The Correction of Evil Attachments73 *** I. The Biased Views Held by Ordinary Men74 *** II. The Biased Views Held by the Hinayanists78 ** Chapter Three: Analysis of the Types of Aspiration for Enlightenment, or The Meanings of Yāna80 *** I. The Aspiration for Enlightenment Through the Perfection of Faith80 *** II. The Aspiration for Enlightenment Through Understanding and Deeds86 *** III. The Aspiration for Enlightenment Through Insight87 * Part 4 On Faith and Practice92 ** On Four Faiths92 ** On Five Practices93 ** The Practice of Cessation96 ** The Practice of Clear Observation100 * Part 5 Encouragement of Practice and the Benefits Thereof103 ** Notes105 ** A Selected Bibliography119 ** Index123